Volume 12 - Issue 8

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Electronics And Communication Engineering

Design And FPGA Implementation Of A Secure UART Architecture Integrating AES-128 Encryption And SECDED Error Correction

This Paper Presents An FPGA-oriented Secure UART Architecture Combining AES-128 Confidentiality With SECDED Protection Against Transmission Faults. Sixteen 8-bit Plaintext Bytes Are Buffered Into A 128-bit AES Block, Encrypted, And Protected Before S... This Paper Presents An FPGA-oriented Secure UART Architecture Combining AES-128 Confidentiality With SECDED Protection Against Transmission Faults. Sixteen 8-bit Plaintext Bytes Are Buffered Into A 128-bit AES Block, Encrypted, And Protected Before Serial Transfer; At The Receiver, The Protected Data Are Checked, Corrected Where Possible, Reconstructed, And Decrypted. The Design Is Implemented In Verilog HDL And Verified Through RTL Simulation And Post-synthesis FPGA Analysis, Covering The FIPS-197 AES-128 Known-answer Test, UART Transmission/reception, Single-bit Correction, Double-bit Detection, And An End-to-end Encrypted Round Trip. Post-synthesis Reports Quantify FPGA Resource Utilization; Timing, Power, Latency, And Throughput Require Clock, I/O, And Switching-activity Constraints Not Yet Applied. Read more Read less

Authors: Hasmi P N | Dr. P. Sivasankar | Dr. G.Kulanthaivel

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) VLSI

A Sparsity-Aware Operand-Isolated Systolic Array Accelerator For Power-Efficient CNN Inference On FPGA

CNN Inference On FPGA Platforms Can Incur Substantial Dynamic Power Because Parallel Multiply-accumulate Datapaths May Continue Switching When Sparse Operands Contain Zeros. This Paper Presents A Sparsity-aware Operand-isolated Systolic Array Acceler... CNN Inference On FPGA Platforms Can Incur Substantial Dynamic Power Because Parallel Multiply-accumulate Datapaths May Continue Switching When Sparse Operands Contain Zeros. This Paper Presents A Sparsity-aware Operand-isolated Systolic Array Accelerator For CNN Computation. The Architecture Comprises A Regular 4×4 Array Of 16 Processing Elements, Using 8-bit Operands And 32-bit Accumulation. Each Processing Element Performs Local Zero Detection At Its Multiplier Inputs. When Either Operand Is Zero, The Multiplier Inputs Are Isolated To Zero And The Accumulator Update Is Disabled; Otherwise, Normal Multiply-accumulate Operation Proceeds. The Regular Systolic Dataflow Is Therefore Retained Without A Separate Sparse Scheduler Or Irregular Interconnect. The Design Was Implemented For The Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A35TCPG236-1 FPGA. Post-implementation Results Report 590 LUTs, 213 Flip-flops, And 16 DSP Resources, With Utilizations Of 2.84%, 0.51%, And 17.78%, Respectively. The Reported Timing Period Is 9.524 Ns, Corresponding To Approximately 104.998 MHz. Power Analysis Was Performed Separately At 27 MHz Using Simulation-derived Activity. Total On-chip Power Was 90, 89, 77, And 71 MW For 0%, 50%, 75%, And 100% Sparsity. Dynamic Power Decreased From 22 MW To 3 MW, Corresponding To An 86.36% Reduction. The Results Indicate That Local Operand Isolation And Accumulator-enable Control Can Reduce Dynamic Switching In A Compact Regular Systolic Accelerator. Read more Read less

Authors: ARUL SIVA T | Dr. P. Sivasankar | Dr. G. Kulanthaivel

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Electronics And Communication Engineering

DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A HYBRID LIFI–WI-FI MULTIPLEXED DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING PACKET-LEVEL LINK AGGREGATION AND FAILOVER

The Need For Fast And Reliable Wireless Connections Is Growing, And To Meet This Demand, Different Communication Technologies Are Being Combined. One Approach Is To Use Light Fidelity, Or LiFi, Which Provides A Secure And Localized Way Of Sending Dat... The Need For Fast And Reliable Wireless Connections Is Growing, And To Meet This Demand, Different Communication Technologies Are Being Combined. One Approach Is To Use Light Fidelity, Or LiFi, Which Provides A Secure And Localized Way Of Sending Data Through Light, With Minimal Interference From Other Devices. On The Other Hand, Wi-Fi Offers A Wider Range Of Coverage And Can Work Even When There Are Obstacles In The Way. This Project Brings Together The Benefits Of Both LiFi And Wi-Fi To Create A Hybrid System That Can Send Data Quickly And Efficiently. The System Uses A Small Computer Called An ESP32 Microcontroller To Receive Data, Break It Into Small Packets, And Send Them Through Either The LiFi Or Wi-Fi Connection. The Packets Are Labeled With A Sequence Number And A Check Code To Make Sure They Are Delivered Correctly. When The Packets Arrive At Their Destination, They Are Put Back Together In The Right Order And Checked To Make Sure They Are Correct. The System Uses A Special Format For The Packets, Which Includes A Start Signal, A Sequence Number, The Length Of The Data, The Data Itself, A Check Code, And An End Signal. The System Was Tested With A LiFi Connection Speed Of 2400 Bits Per Second And A Wi-Fi Connection On Port 5000. The Results Showed That The System Can Send Data Independently Through Both LiFi And Wi-Fi, And Can Also Combine The Two Connections To Send Data More Efficiently. The System Can Detect If The LiFi Connection Is Not Working And Automatically Switch To The Wi-Fi Connection. This Makes The System More Reliable And Able To Work Even When There Are Problems With One Of The Connections. The Next Step Is To Develop A System That Can Adjust Its Scheduling Based On How Well The Connections Are Working, Taking Into Account Factors Such As Speed, Accuracy, And Latency. This Will Make The System Even More Efficient And Reliable Read more Read less

Authors: VINOTH KUMAR R

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING OF PV PANELS USING MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS

Solar Tracking Systems Can Greatly Enhance The PV Energy Collection Efficiency, But Fixed Panel Positioning And Ambient Thermal Stress Can Decrease The Total PV Energy Conversion Efficiency. In This Paper, A Dual Axis Solar Tracking And Active Perfor... Solar Tracking Systems Can Greatly Enhance The PV Energy Collection Efficiency, But Fixed Panel Positioning And Ambient Thermal Stress Can Decrease The Total PV Energy Conversion Efficiency. In This Paper, A Dual Axis Solar Tracking And Active Performance Monitoring System Using IoT Technology Is Designed And Implemented To Capture Maximum Solar Energy While Ensuring Safe Operation Of The System. The Proposed System Utilizes Light Dependent Resistors To Detect The Peak Solar Irradiance And Activates DC And Servo Motors With Help Of An L293D Driver For Maximizing The Alignment Angle Of The Solar Panels. The Arduino Uno Is Used To Acquire The Local Data From The Sensors Such As Output Voltage, Ambient Temperature And Humidity, From A DHT11 Sensor. The CPU Fan And A CPU AC Water Pump Are Integrated And Automatically Powered On When Abnormal Thermal Thresholds Are Breached, Thus Minimizing Efficiency Loss Due To These Conditions. A Real-time Diagnostic Data Is Continuously Uploaded To An IoT Cloud-based Platform Through The NodeMCU Module For Remote Monitoring And Analysis, And A Local I2C LCD Display And A Battery Backed Power Unit Is Included. Experimental Results Show Better Tracking Accuracy, Effective Thermal Management, And Satisfactory Remote Data Transmission, Which Makes The Proposed System Scalable For The Smart Grid And Renewable Energy Applications. Read more Read less

Authors: ORUGANTI RAVI TEJA | Dr.M.Senthil Kumar

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Pharmacognosy

A Review On Standardization And QC Of Herbal Drugs Emerging Approaches And Future Perspectives

Medicinal Plants Have Been Used For The Prevention And Treatment Of Various Diseases Since Ancient Times. As Medicinal Plants Become More Accepted Around The World, The Demand For Their Quality, Safety, And Efficacy Is Increasing. However, The Comple... Medicinal Plants Have Been Used For The Prevention And Treatment Of Various Diseases Since Ancient Times. As Medicinal Plants Become More Accepted Around The World, The Demand For Their Quality, Safety, And Efficacy Is Increasing. However, The Complex Chemical Composition Of Medicinal Plants And Differences In Cultivation, Harvesting, And Processing Methods Pose Major Challenges In Maintaining Uniform Quality. Therefore, Standardization And Quality Control Are Essential To Ensure Consistency Of Care And Consumer Safety. This Journal Discusses Modern Approaches To The Standardization Of Medicinal Plants, Including Pharmacogenetic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Chromatographic, Spectroscopic And Biological Evaluation Methods. It Also Covers Regulatory Frameworks, DNA-based Authentication, Chemometric Approaches, And Advanced Analytical Techniques Such As Metabolomics And Fingerprint Profiling. This Review Highlights The Importance Of Good Agricultural Collection Practices (GACP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), And International Harmonization To Ensure The Quality Of Medicinal Plants. New Trends Such As Phytochemical Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Traceability, And Standardization Of Medicinal Plants Based On Nanotechnology Are Also Being Explored. Read more Read less

Authors: Najiya Javed Shikilkar | Arif Shakil Shaikh | Prof. Uma S. Swami | Dr. Amita B. Dongare

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Library Science

Environmental Aspects Of University Library Buildings In Maharashtra State

University Library Buildings Play An Important Role In Supporting Higher Education, Research, And Knowledge Creation. At The Same Time, Library Buildings Consume Considerable Amounts Of Energy And Natural Resources Through Lighting, Air-conditioning,... University Library Buildings Play An Important Role In Supporting Higher Education, Research, And Knowledge Creation. At The Same Time, Library Buildings Consume Considerable Amounts Of Energy And Natural Resources Through Lighting, Air-conditioning, Ventilation, Water Use, Construction Materials, And Maintenance. In Maharashtra, Environmental Considerations Are Particularly Important Because The State Contains Diverse Climatic Regions, Including Hot And Dry, Warm And Humid, And Moderate Areas. This Research Paper Examines The Major Environmental Aspects Of University Library Buildings In Maharashtra State, With Emphasis On Site Planning, Building Orientation, Natural Lighting, Ventilation, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation, Sustainable Materials, Indoor Environmental Quality, Waste Management, Landscaping, And Renewable Energy. Examples Of University And Institutional Library Buildings Are Discussed To Illustrate How Environmental Principles Can Be Incorporated Into Library Planning And Operation. The Paper Concludes That Environmentally Responsive Library Buildings Can Reduce Resource Consumption, Improve User Comfort, And Contribute To Sustainable Development In Higher Education Institutions. Greater Adoption Of Climate-responsive Design, Green Building Standards, Renewable Energy, And Environmental Management Practices Can Make University Libraries In Maharashtra More Sustainable And Resilient. Read more Read less

Authors: Sujit Wamanrao Jagtap

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Electronics And Communications

Defect Detection In Printed Circuit Board Using CNN

The Physical Violence Detection Using Key Framing Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Inspection Is An Essential Part Of PCB Production Process. Traditional PCB Bare Board Defect Detection Methods Have Their Own Defects. However, The PCB Bare Board Defect De... The Physical Violence Detection Using Key Framing Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Inspection Is An Essential Part Of PCB Production Process. Traditional PCB Bare Board Defect Detection Methods Have Their Own Defects. However, The PCB Bare Board Defect Detection Method Based On Automatic Optic Inspection (AOI) Is A Feasible And Effective Method, And It Is Having More And More Application In Industry. Based On The Idea Of The Reference Comparison Method, This Paper Aims At Studying The Classification Of Defects. First Of All, The Method Of Extracting Defect Areas Using Morphology Is Studied, Meanwhile, A Data Set Containing 1818 Images With 6 Different Detailed Defect Area Image Parts Are Produced. Then, In Order To Classify Defects Accurately, A Traditional Classification Algorithm Based On Digital Image Processing Was Attempted, And A Defect Classification Algorithm Based On Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Was Proposed. After Experimental Demonstration, In The Actual Results, The Defect Classification Algorithm Based On Convolutional Neural Network Can Achieve A Fairly High Classification Accuracy (95.7%), Which Is Much Higher Than The Traditional Method, And The New Method Has Stronger Stability Than The Traditional One. Read more Read less

Authors: Jana Suresh | Dr.P.Sai Prasad

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Electronics And Communication

DEFECTS DETECTION IN PCB USING MACHINE LEARNING

Machine Learning Methods Are Not Much Applied In The PCB Defect Detection Process. Modern World Is More Adapted To Machine Learning And Artificial Intelligent Applications. Many Other Sectors Were Already Using Applications Based On These Technologie... Machine Learning Methods Are Not Much Applied In The PCB Defect Detection Process. Modern World Is More Adapted To Machine Learning And Artificial Intelligent Applications. Many Other Sectors Were Already Using Applications Based On These Technologies. A Printed Circuit Board Or (PCB) Is Used To Physically Support And Realistically Connect Electronic Components Using Conductive Pathways, Track Or Signal Traces Etched From Copper Sheets Laminated Onto A Conductive Substrate. The Self Inspection Of PCBs Serves A Purpose Which Is Traditional In Modern Technology. The Aim Is To Relieve Human Inspectors Of The Tedious And Inefficient Task Of Looking For Those Defects In PCBs Which Could Lead To Electric Failure. We First Compare A PCB Standard Image With A PCB Image, Using A Simple Subtraction Algorithm That Can Highlight The Main Problem-regions. We Have Also Seen The Effect Of Noise In A PCB Image That At What Level This Method Is Suitable To Detect The Faulty Image. Finally, Defect Classification Operation Is Employed In Order To Identify The Source For Six Types Of Defects Namely, Missing Hole, Pin Hole, Under Etch, Short-circuit, Mouse Bite, And Open-circuit. Read more Read less

Authors: Mamidi Pavan Kumar | Dr.T.Venkata Ramana | Dr.P.Sai Prasad

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Electronics And Communication

Defect Detection In Printed Board Circuit Using Image Processing

A Printed Circuit Board Without Connecting With Any Components Called As A Bare PCB. Consider A PCB As A Basic Part Which Has Been Settled With More Electronic Units. In Order To Display The Manufacturing Process, The Drawbacks Have Been Taken By PCB... A Printed Circuit Board Without Connecting With Any Components Called As A Bare PCB. Consider A PCB As A Basic Part Which Has Been Settled With More Electronic Units. In Order To Display The Manufacturing Process, The Drawbacks Have Been Taken By PCB Individually. The Reflection Of This Separation Process Impacts The Performance Of The Circuits. Also, We Have Examined About Classification Methodologies As Well As Referential Based PCB Detection. From The Input Images, The Needed And Related Information Has Been Pulled Out Using Image Processing Methodologies By The Referential Based PCB Detection. Comparing With The Un-defected PCB Images, This Was Used To Find Out The Defects. To Meet The Goal Of The PCB Defect Detection, Several Feature Extraction And Pre-processing Methods Are Derived In This Article. The PCB Defects Have Been Classified By Those Features Using The Machine Learning Algorithms. Moreover, Several Types Of Machine Learning Algorithms Are Derived In This Article. This Paper Helps The Researchers For Achieving A Better Solution For Image Processing And Machine Learning-based Printed Circuit Board The Defect Classification. Read more Read less

Authors: T Ramu | Mrs. Shaik Nowjiya | Dr.P.Sai Prasad

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Bachelor Of Pharmacy

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON NEEM, TURMERIC AND CLOVE BASED ANTIFUNGAL DUSTING POWDER FOR CUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS

Causes Discomfort, Redness, And Itching. Because Of Its Broad-spectrum Action And Capacity To Prevent The Synthesis Of Fungal Cell Membranes. Ketoconazole, An Imidazole Antifungal Agent, Is Frequently Used To Treat Such Infections. ‘Anti-fungal’ Medi... Causes Discomfort, Redness, And Itching. Because Of Its Broad-spectrum Action And Capacity To Prevent The Synthesis Of Fungal Cell Membranes. Ketoconazole, An Imidazole Antifungal Agent, Is Frequently Used To Treat Such Infections. ‘Anti-fungal’ Medicine, Or Anti-fungal Agent, And Anti-fungal Treatment Are As Follows: The Four Primary Classes Of Antifungal Medications Are Echinocandins, Azoles, Polyenes, And Allylamines. Topical Azole Formulations (for Superficial Yeast And Dermatophyte Infections), First-generation Triazoles (fluconazole And Itraconazole, For A Variety Of Superficial And Invasive Fungal Infections), Amphotericin B Formulations (for A Wide Range Of Invasive Fungal Infections), And Terbinafine (for Dermatophyte Infections) Are Examples Of Clinically Effective "older" Agents. Antifungal Formulations Deliver Therapeutic Agents In A Controlled And Targeted Manner; They Are Essential To The Effective Management Of These Infections. To Improve Drug Stability, Bioavailability, And Patient Compliance, A Variety Of Formulations Have Been Developed, Including Powder, Creams, Gels, Ointments, Lotions, And Innovative Delivery Systems Like Liposomes, Nanoparticles, And Transdermal Patches. The Site And Severity Of The Infection, As Well As The Drug's Characteristics, Determine The Formulation. The Main Objective Of The Work Is To Formulate And Evaluate Herbal Dusting Powders. Subdivided Powders That Can Be Applied Externally To Skin-contact Areas Are Known As Dusting Powders. Free Flowability, Non-irritability, Non-grittiness, Good Absorption, And Adsorption Are All Important Characteristics Of Dusting Powder. All The Ingredients Were Combined To Create Dusting Powder, Which Was Then Assessed For A Number Of Factors Including Solubility, PH, And Micromeritic Properties Like Particle Size, Tapped Density, Bulk Density, Angle Of Repose, Carr's Index, Hausner's Ratio, And Volume As Well As Physical Attributes Like Color, Odor, Grittiness, And Appearance. Read more Read less

Authors: Sayali Yogesh Mawal | Sneha Kailas Narwade

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXECUTION AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT OF ELEVATED BULLET TRAIN WORKS FROM SUBSTRUCTURE TO DECK FURNISHING

The History Of Indian Railways Dates Back More Than 160 Years. The First Passenger Train Ran Between Bori Bunder (Bombay) And Thane, A Distance Of 34 Kilometres, On April 16, 1853. It Had Thirteen Carriages And Was Operated By Three Locomotives Named... The History Of Indian Railways Dates Back More Than 160 Years. The First Passenger Train Ran Between Bori Bunder (Bombay) And Thane, A Distance Of 34 Kilometres, On April 16, 1853. It Had Thirteen Carriages And Was Operated By Three Locomotives Named Sahib, Sultan, And Sindh. Railways Were Used To Transport Both Passengers And Goods. After A Few Years, As The Population Grew, So Did The Demand For Goods. The Newly Arrived Trains At A Higher Speed Were Also Running On The Same Tracks, So The Construction Of A Bullet Train Can Be Said To Be Necessary Despite Prosperity Because It Includes Transportation Of Passengers On Its Own Individual Track And Also Consumes Less Time In Journey With Moderate Ticket Prices One Of The Most Significant Tools For Project Planning And Management Is The Critical Path Method (CPM), As Well As The Project Evaluation And Review Technique (PERT). When The Time Required Or Anticipated To Perform Specific Activities Is Unclear, PERT Is A Project Management Method. CPM Is A Method For Planning Activities In Which The Amount Of Time Required To Accomplish The Project Is Presently Known. CPM Is A Step-by-step Project Management Strategy That Keeps Processes And Projects On Track By Focusing On Important Tasks. The Critical Route Is The Shortest Approach To Finish Any Project By Following One Path Across All Connected Operations. Here A Flyover Bridge Is Considered Where The Scheduling In Compared To Parameters Of Planned And Actual Where The Planning And Scheduling Are Done Using Primavera P6. The Parameters Include Cost Estimation, Delay Analysis And The Reports Are Generated Using Gantt Chart. Read more Read less

Authors: Subha Kar | Praveen Ghidode

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) CIVIL ENGINEERING

Integration Of Cost And Work Breakdown Structures In The Management Of Construction Projects Considering A Case Study Of Commercial Structure In Indore

Effectively Organizing The Progress Is A Crucial Component Of Project Management. Every Task In The Management Industry Begins With Planning. Planning Is The Foundation For Carrying Out, Overseeing, Managing, And Wrapping Up A Project. In Order To Ma... Effectively Organizing The Progress Is A Crucial Component Of Project Management. Every Task In The Management Industry Begins With Planning. Planning Is The Foundation For Carrying Out, Overseeing, Managing, And Wrapping Up A Project. In Order To Manage The Project, A Work Breakdown Structure Is Used To Hierarchically Decompose The Target Objectives, Activities, Sub-activities, And Work Packages. A Commercial Building Project In Indore, India, Serves As The Focus Of This Study, Which Investigates The Integration Of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) And Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) In Construction Project Management. Project Scope, Scheduling, And Cost Control Must All Be In Harmony For Construction Projects To Be Managed Effectively And Provide Results On Time And Under Budget. Coordination And Risk Management Have Been Difficult Since CBS And WBS Have Always Been Viewed As Distinct Frameworks. This Study Examines How Integrating These Structures Can Improve Planning, Scheduling, Budgeting, And Monitoring By Utilising Microsoft Project Software As A Platform. An In-depth Case Study Approach Is Used, Which Entails Creating An Integrated WBS And CBS For A Business Project And Then Analysing It Using Schedule Performance Indicators And Earned Value Management Metrics. Read more Read less

Authors: Chandan Kumar Sahoo | Praveen Ghidode

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHEDULE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DELHI METRO UNDERGROUND PROJECT USING PRIMAVERA SOFTWARE

Arranging And Scheduling Are The Fundamental In The Enormous Foundation Project Like Street And Extension Development, Metro Rail Projects As These Are Proposed For Public Government Assistance. These Activities Are Have Various Partners And Enormous... Arranging And Scheduling Are The Fundamental In The Enormous Foundation Project Like Street And Extension Development, Metro Rail Projects As These Are Proposed For Public Government Assistance. These Activities Are Have Various Partners And Enormous Measure Of Cash, Assets Are Contributed. Ill-advised Arranging And Booking Prompts Loss Of Assets, Expansion In Project Cost And Terrible Postponements. Yet, Because Of The PC And Programming Advancement, It Now Conceivable To Design These Tasks Utilizing Programming Resembles Primavera P6 And Microsoft Office Project. The Infrastructure Development In Capital City Of India Is Carried Out On A Large Scale In Recent Times. The Delhi Metro Project Is One Such Project Which Is Recently Under Construction And One-of-its Kind Project. In Our Project We Have Mainly Worked On The Construction Management Of The Underground Metro Project Which Involves Line 3 Of The Metro Project. The Scheduling Of Various Activities Has Been Done In The Microsoft Project Management Software By Adding Various Activities, Sub Activities, Duration, Resources Required And Cost Of Each Resource. The Various Difficulties And The Challenges Faced During The Entire Project Were Also Identified And Various Practical Solutions Were Also Given Regarding The Same. Read more Read less

Authors: Gaurav Kumar | Praveen Ghidode

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION COMPONENTS OF ELEVATED METRO SYSTEMS PILES, PILES CAP, PIERS AND PORTABLE BEAMS

Examination Of Bridge Pier Is Completed For Various Pier Width And Thicknesses. The Boundary Considered Is To Examine The Impact Of Pier Width On Pressure And Dislodging. The Investigation Shows That Complete Uprooting And Stresses Increment Concerni... Examination Of Bridge Pier Is Completed For Various Pier Width And Thicknesses. The Boundary Considered Is To Examine The Impact Of Pier Width On Pressure And Dislodging. The Investigation Shows That Complete Uprooting And Stresses Increment Concerning The Decrement Of Pier Width. Likewise The Amount Of Cement And Steel. The Fundamental Target Of This Examination Is To Investigate The Investigation Of A Scaffold Pier. This Has Involved Playing Out A Point By Point Static Investigation. In This Venture, The Decrement Of The Width Of The Scaffold Pier Is Introduced Where A 3D Model Of The Extension Pier Is Planned To Utilize Staad.Pro Programming And The Investigation Are Taken By Various Extension Pier And Reproduction Work Width Esteems In The STAAD.Viva Programming. The Investigation Of The Scaffold Pier Is To Know The Variety Of Dislodging, Stresses, Quantity Of Steel And Quantity Of Cement. Read more Read less

Authors: Md Nawed Raza | Hitesh Kodwani

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) CIVIL ENGINEERING

PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF MULTI STOREY BUILDING USING BIM (BUILDING INFORMATION TOOL)

Building Information Modeling (BIM) Has Revolutionized The Architecture, Engineering, And Construction (AEC) Industry By Enabling Integrated Digital Representation Of Physical And Functional Characteristics Of Facilities. In The Face Of Escalating Pr... Building Information Modeling (BIM) Has Revolutionized The Architecture, Engineering, And Construction (AEC) Industry By Enabling Integrated Digital Representation Of Physical And Functional Characteristics Of Facilities. In The Face Of Escalating Project Complexities, Tighter Deadlines, And Increasing Stakeholder Expectations, The Construction Industry Has Turned To Digital Solutions To Enhance Coordination, Accuracy, And Efficiency. Building Information Modelling (BIM) Has Emerged As A Cornerstone Of This Digital Evolution, Offering A Multi-dimensional Platform That Integrates Design, Scheduling, And Cost Data Into A Single, Real-time Collaborative Environment. This Integrated Framework Enables All Stakeholders—architects, Engineers, Contractors, And Owners—to Make Data-driven Decisions Across The Lifecycle Of Construction Projects, From Conceptual Planning To Post-delivery Facility Management. This Study Investigates How BIM Optimizes Project Delivery By Synchronizing Design Iterations With Real-time Scheduling And Cost Estimation, Commonly Referred To As 4D (time) And 5D (cost) BIM. By Linking Geometric Data With Construction Sequences And Financial Projections, BIM Allows Project Teams To Simulate Construction Progress, Detect Resource Clashes, And Update Budgets Dynamically. The Result Is Improved Workflow Transparency, Proactive Risk Mitigation, And Significant Reductions In Change Orders And Cost Overruns. Read more Read less

Authors: Rahul R | Hitesh Kodwani

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT APPLICATION OF MIRCROSOFT PROJECT FOR RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION OF ACCESS CONTROLLED EXPRESSWAY FROM DESIGN CHAINAGE 515+300 TO 5+520 KUNWANI TO SIDHRA SECTION OF NH-44

Highway Infrastructure Development In India Faces Persistent Challenges Related To Resource Allocation Inefficiencies, Delays, And Cost Overruns. With The Growing Scale Of National Highway Projects, There Is An Urgent Need To Adopt Advanced Project M... Highway Infrastructure Development In India Faces Persistent Challenges Related To Resource Allocation Inefficiencies, Delays, And Cost Overruns. With The Growing Scale Of National Highway Projects, There Is An Urgent Need To Adopt Advanced Project Management Tools That Can Ensure Optimal Utilization Of Manpower, Machinery, Materials, And Time. This Research Investigates The Application Of Microsoft Project (MSP) Software For Resource Optimization In The Context Of The Chainage 515+300 To 5+520 Kuwani To Sidhra Section Of NH-44. A Detailed Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Was Developed For All Project Components, Including Site Preparation, Earthwork, Subgrade Formation, Pavement Layers (GSB, WMM, DBM, BC), Drainage Structures, Culverts, And Signage. Activities Were Logically Sequenced In MSP With Appropriate Task Dependencies And Durations Based On Realistic Estimates Derived From The Detailed Project Report (DPR) And Comparable Projects In The Region. Resources Were Assigned To Each Activity, And Over Allocations Were Resolved Using MSP’s Resource Leveling Functionality. Read more Read less

Authors: Shubham Tiwari | Hitesh Kodwani

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Mechanical Engineering

Design, Development, And Experimental Validation Of An Automatic Solar Photovoltaic Panel Cleaning System Under Real Outdoor Conditions

Solar Energy Is One Of The Most Widely Utilized Renewable Energy Sources For Electrical Power Generation. However, The Performance Of Photovoltaic (PV) Panels Is Significantly Affected By The Accumulation Of Dust, Bird Droppings, And Other Environmen... Solar Energy Is One Of The Most Widely Utilized Renewable Energy Sources For Electrical Power Generation. However, The Performance Of Photovoltaic (PV) Panels Is Significantly Affected By The Accumulation Of Dust, Bird Droppings, And Other Environmental Contaminants On The Panel Surface, Which Reduce Solar Radiation Absorption And Consequently Decrease Power Output. Conventional Cleaning Methods Are Often Labor-intensive, Consume Large Amounts Of Water, And Are Unsuitable For Continuous Or Automated Operation. To Address These Challenges, This Paper Presents The Design, Development, And Experimental Validation Of An Automatic Solar Photovoltaic Panel Cleaning System Under Real Outdoor Conditions. The Proposed System Incorporates A Mechanically Fabricated Cleaning Mechanism Driven By A 12 V DC Geared Motor And Controlled Using An Arduino-based Controller. The Cleaning Unit Is Mounted On The Solar Panel Frame And Moves Across The Panel Surface To Remove Accumulated Dust Effectively Without Causing Damage To The Panel. Various Sensors Are Integrated Into The System To Enable Intelligent Condition-based Cleaning And Real-time Performance Monitoring. Experimental Investigations Were Conducted Using A 3 W Photovoltaic Panel Under Actual Outdoor Operating Conditions. Meteorological Parameters, Including Solar Irradiance And Ambient Temperature Corresponding To The Experimental Period, Were Obtained From A Meteorological Database. The Developed System Effectively Removed Dust Deposits And Enhanced The Electrical Performance Of The Photovoltaic Panel. Experimental Results Showed That The Output Power Increased From 0.79 W Before Cleaning To 1.05 W After Cleaning, Corresponding To A 32.91% Improvement In Power Output. The Proposed System Provides A Low-cost, Energy-efficient, And Reliable Solution For The Automated Maintenance Of Photovoltaic Panels, Thereby Enhancing Energy Generation And Reducing Manual Maintenance Requirements. Read more Read less

Authors: SENTHILKUMAR R | Dr. M. Senthilkumar

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) B.com, LLB

Regulating Deepfakes In India: Balancing Technological Innovation, Privacy Rights And Freedom Of Expression

Deepfake Technology Powered By Artificial Intelligence Has Emerged As One Of The Most Influential Developments In The Digital Age. By Creating Realistic But Manipulated Audio, Video And Image Content Deepfakes Have Opened New Possibilities In Areas S... Deepfake Technology Powered By Artificial Intelligence Has Emerged As One Of The Most Influential Developments In The Digital Age. By Creating Realistic But Manipulated Audio, Video And Image Content Deepfakes Have Opened New Possibilities In Areas Such As Entertainment, Education And Communication. At The Same Time Their Increasing Misuse Has Raised Serious Concerns About Privacy, Misinformation, Reputational Harm And The Integrity Of Democratic Processes. Although Laws Such As The Information Technology Act, 2000, The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 And Recent Data Protection Measures Provide Certain Safeguards, They Do Not Specifically Address The Unique Challenges Posed By Deepfake Technology. The Absence Of A Dedicated Regulatory Framework Has Made It Difficult To Tackle Issues Such As Identity Theft, Non-consensual Content Creation, Online Harassment And The Spread Of False Information. This Paper Examines The Need For A Balanced Approach To Deepfake Regulation In India By Exploring The Relationship Between Technological Innovation, Privacy Rights And Freedom Of Expression. It Analyses The Constitutional Principles Governing Privacy And Free Speech And Considers International Regulatory Developments To Identify Lessons That May Be Relevant To The Indian Context. The Study Argues That An Effective Regulatory Framework Should Encourage Innovation While Ensuring Transparency, Accountability And Adequate Protection Against Misuse. Read more Read less

Authors: Praveena. S | Muhhesh Kumar. S

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Civil Engineering

Performance Evaluation Of Natural Zeolite-Based Fiber Reinforced Concrete Under Flexural And Tensile Loading

The Incorporation Of Supplementary Cementitious Materials And Fiber Reinforcement Has Become An Effective Strategy For Developing Sustainable Concrete With Enhanced Structural Performance. Among These Materials, Natural Zeolite Possesses Significant... The Incorporation Of Supplementary Cementitious Materials And Fiber Reinforcement Has Become An Effective Strategy For Developing Sustainable Concrete With Enhanced Structural Performance. Among These Materials, Natural Zeolite Possesses Significant Pozzolanic Properties That Improve The Cementitious Matrix, While Hooked-end Steel Fibers Enhance Crack Resistance And Post-cracking Behavior. This Study Examines The Combined Effect Of Natural Zeolite And Steel Fibers On The Split Tensile And Flexural Performance Of M30 Grade Concrete Prepared Using 100% Manufactured Sand (M-sand) As The Fine Aggregate. Cement Was Partially Replaced With 0%, 5%, 10%, And 15% Natural Zeolite, While The Steel Fiber Content Was Maintained At 1% In All Modified Mixtures. A Constant Water-to-cement Ratio Of 0.45 Was Adopted, And The Concrete Specimens Were Tested For Split Tensile And Flexural Strength After 7 And 28 Days Of Standard Water Curing. The Results Indicate That The Incorporation Of Natural Zeolite Substantially Improved The Tensile And Flexural Characteristics Of Concrete Up To An Optimum Replacement Level Of 10%. The Enhanced Performance Is Attributed To The Formation Of A Denser Cementitious Matrix Through Secondary Pozzolanic Reactions And The Crack-arresting Mechanism Provided By The Hooked-end Steel Fibers. The Optimum Mix Exhibited Superior Resistance To Tensile Cracking And Bending Stresses, Reflecting Improved Structural Efficiency Under Service Loading. Although A Slight Decrease In Strength Was Observed At 15% Natural Zeolite Replacement, The Modified Concrete Continued To Outperform The Control Mix. The Study Demonstrates That The Synergistic Combination Of Natural Zeolite, Hooked-end Steel Fibers, And Manufactured Sand Can Be Effectively Utilized To Produce Durable And Sustainable Concrete With Improved Tensile And Flexural Performance, Making It A Suitable Material For Structural Elements Subjected To Significant Tensile And Bending Actions. Read more Read less

Authors: Mr. Vijay Dileep Deshmukh | Prof. G. N. Shete

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Structural Engineer

Design And Analysis Of Industrial Warehouses Using STAAD.Pro: Comparative Assessment Of Conventional Steel And Pre-Engineered Building Systems

This Paper Presents A Comparative Analysis Of Conventional Steel Structure (CST) And Pre-engineered Building (PEB) Systems For An Industrial Warehouse Using STAAD.Pro. Four Principal Models Were Examined: Three-bay And Nine-bay CST Structures And Equ... This Paper Presents A Comparative Analysis Of Conventional Steel Structure (CST) And Pre-engineered Building (PEB) Systems For An Industrial Warehouse Using STAAD.Pro. Four Principal Models Were Examined: Three-bay And Nine-bay CST Structures And Equivalent PEB Structures. Each Bay Was 8 M Long, The Clear Span Was 12 M, And The Full Warehouse Length Was 72 M. The Reported Eave Height Was 14 M, Supports Were Pinned, And The Adopted Basic Wind Speed Was 33 M/s, Producing A Design Wind Pressure Of 653.4 N/m². Maximum Deformation And Maximum Axial Force Were Used As The Principal Performance Indicators. CST Deformation Decreased From 43.7 Mm To 39.6 Mm As The Bay Count Increased, Whereas PEB Deformation Decreased From 34.3 Mm To 23.7 Mm. CST Axial Force Reduced From 84.3 KN To 76.7 KN, While PEB Axial Force Reduced From 63.58 KN To 57.23 KN. Compared With CST, PEB Reduced Deformation By 21.51% For Three Bays And 40.15% For Nine Bays, And Reduced Axial Force By 24.58% And 25.38%, Respectively. Validation Against Joint-method Support Reactions Produced A Maximum Difference Of Approximately 0.05%. The Results Indicate That PEB Framing Provides Superior Deformation Control, Lower Axial Demand, And Potential Material Economy For The Studied Long, Column-free Industrial Warehouse. Read more Read less

Authors: Om Prashant Patrike | P. A. Vedpathak

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Physical Education

Artificial Intelligence In Physical Education: Opportunities, Challenges, And Future Directions

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Is Transforming Physical Education By Improving Teaching, Fitness Assessment, Sports Performance Analysis, And Health Monitoring Through Technologies Such As Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Wearable Devices, And Intell... Artificial Intelligence (AI) Is Transforming Physical Education By Improving Teaching, Fitness Assessment, Sports Performance Analysis, And Health Monitoring Through Technologies Such As Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Wearable Devices, And Intelligent Analytics. This Study Aims To Examine The Opportunities, Challenges, And Future Directions Of AI In Physical Education. A Systematic Literature Review Was Conducted Using Peer-reviewed Publications And Reports From Major Academic Databases Published Between 2018 And 2026. The Findings Indicate That AI Enhances Personalized Learning, Fitness Monitoring, Sports Performance, Injury Prevention, And Evidence-based Coaching. However, Challenges Such As High Implementation Costs, Data Privacy Concerns, Limited Infrastructure, And Insufficient AI Literacy Among Educators Hinder Its Effective Adoption. The Study Concludes That AI Has The Potential To Create More Efficient, Inclusive, And Learner-centered Physical Education, Provided That Appropriate Infrastructure, Teacher Training, And Ethical Guidelines Are Established. Read more Read less

Authors: Mr. Sangram Shivaji Todkar

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Structural Engineer

Analysis on Behavior of High Rise Irregular R.C. Structure Against Influence of Strong Strength of Wind Load

Rapid Urbanisation And Architectural Demand Have Increased The Use Of Slender High-rise Reinforced-concrete (RC) Buildings With Setbacks, Re-entrant Corners, Non-rectangular Plans, Twisting Forms, Unequal Stiffness Distributions, And Other Aerodynami... Rapid Urbanisation And Architectural Demand Have Increased The Use Of Slender High-rise Reinforced-concrete (RC) Buildings With Setbacks, Re-entrant Corners, Non-rectangular Plans, Twisting Forms, Unequal Stiffness Distributions, And Other Aerodynamic Or Structural Irregularities. Such Configurations Can Amplify Separation, Vortex Shedding, Torsional Loading, Cross-wind Response, Local Suction, And Occupant Discomfort Under Strong Winds. This Paper Systematically Reviews The Behaviour, Analysis And Mitigation Of High-rise Irregular RC Structures Subjected To Strong-wind Loading. A Hybrid Systematic And Structured Review Protocol Was Applied To Peer-reviewed Literature, Design Standards And Technical Guidance Published Principally Between 2020 And 2026, With Foundational Studies Retained Where Required. The Reviewed Evidence Was Classified Into Code-based Analytical Procedures, Boundary-layer Wind-tunnel Testing, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) And Fluid–structure Interaction (FSI), Performance-based And Nonlinear Structural Analysis, Aerodynamic/structural Optimisation, Vibration Control, And Machine-learning Prediction. The Synthesis Shows That Irregular Geometry Cannot Be Represented Reliably Through A Single Generic Pressure Coefficient Or Equivalent-static Procedure. Wind Direction, Corner And Side Configuration, Aspect Ratio, Openings, Surrounding-building Interference, Turbulence Modelling, Damping, Modal Coupling And Torsional Eccentricity Strongly Govern Response. Reported Studies Demonstrate That Carefully Selected Irregular Or Modified Forms May Reduce Demand: One T-shaped Configuration Reduced Mean Base-moment Coefficient By 18.6%, Integrated CFD–structural Optimisation Reduced Concrete Volume By 35.71%, And Openings In A Triangular 40-storey Building Reduced Lateral Deformation By About 32–33%. Conversely, Other Shapes Increased Along-wind Base Moment Or Generated Larger Lift And Torque. Emerging Machine-learning Models Substantially Reduce Computational Or Wind-tunnel Burden, But Their Generalisation Remains Dependent On Dataset Diversity And Physics-consistent Validation. The Principal Gap Is The Limited Integration Of Directional Nonstationary Wind Climate, Validated Unsteady Aerodynamics, Nonlinear RC Behaviour, Uncertainty, And Serviceability Into A Unified Design Workflow. The Review Recommends A Tiered Framework Combining Code Screening, CFD/wind-tunnel Validation, Coupled Dynamic Analysis And Performance-based Verification For Reliable And Economical Design Of Irregular RC Towers. Read more Read less

Authors: Sawant Anant Dnyanoba | Prof.Anantwad S.B

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Structural Engineer

Analysis Of High-Rise Building By Comparing Footing With Base Isolation And Without Base Isolation Using Etabs

High-rise Buildings Founded On Conventional Isolated, Combined, Or Raft Footings Transfer Earthquake Motion Directly Into The Superstructure, Whereas A Base-isolation Layer Modifies This Load Path By Introducing Controlled Lateral Flexibility And Ene... High-rise Buildings Founded On Conventional Isolated, Combined, Or Raft Footings Transfer Earthquake Motion Directly Into The Superstructure, Whereas A Base-isolation Layer Modifies This Load Path By Introducing Controlled Lateral Flexibility And Energy Dissipation Between The Foundation And The Building. This Review Synthesises Published Evidence On The Comparative Behaviour Of Fixed-base And Base-isolated High-rise Buildings And Translates The Findings Into A Reproducible ETABS Modelling Framework. A Structured Systematic Review Was Conducted For Publications From 2018 To July 2026 Using Scopus, Web Of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis, ASCE Library, Google Scholar, And Official Code Or Software Sources. Thirty-seven Studies Were Retained After Duplicate Removal, Title–abstract Screening, Full-text Eligibility Assessment, And Quality Scoring. The Review Covers Conventional Footing Idealisation, Lead-rubber Bearings, High-damping Rubber Bearings, Friction-pendulum Systems, Nonlinear Link Modelling, Response-spectrum Analysis, Nonlinear Time-history Analysis, Soil–structure Interaction, Near-fault Effects, Wind Serviceability, And Performance-based Optimisation. The Evidence Consistently Indicates That Appropriately Selected Isolators Lengthen The Effective Period And Reduce Superstructure Drift, Acceleration, Base Shear, And Overturning Demand, Although They Increase Displacement Demand At The Isolation Interface. A Reported 20-storey Case Achieved Average Base-shear Reductions Of 54–62% For Isolation Periods Of 4–5 S, While Other Studies Demonstrate That Vertical Motion, Pulse-like Records, Device Heating, Axial-load Variation, And Inappropriate Stiffness Assumptions Can Reduce The Apparent Benefit. The Principal Gaps Are Limited High-rise Validation, Inconsistent Reporting Of Isolator Properties, Insufficient Treatment Of Soil–foundation–isolator Interaction, And Weak Integration Of Wind And Seismic Design. The Paper Therefore Proposes Two ETABS Models Conventional Footing/fixed Base And Identical Superstructure With Nonlinear Isolation Links And A Common Set Of Response Measures For Technically Defensible Comparison. The Review Concludes That Base Isolation Is Not Automatically Superior; Its Benefit Depends On Verified Device Properties, Displacement Capacity, Ground-motion Selection, Foundation Compatibility, And Nonlinear Analysis Quality. Read more Read less

Authors: Shubham Dalave | Prof.Anantwad S.B

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Pharmacy

TO FORMULATE AND EVALUATE OF POLYHERBAL SCRUB SOAP

This Study Aimed To Formulate And Evaluate A Natural Polyherbal Scrub Soap As An Eco-friendly Alternative To Synthetic Exfoliating Products. The Soap Was Prepared Using Natural Exfoliants Such As Walnut Shell Powder, Coffee Granules, And Sugar, Along... This Study Aimed To Formulate And Evaluate A Natural Polyherbal Scrub Soap As An Eco-friendly Alternative To Synthetic Exfoliating Products. The Soap Was Prepared Using Natural Exfoliants Such As Walnut Shell Powder, Coffee Granules, And Sugar, Along With Herbal And Moisturizing Ingredients Including Green Tea, Aloe Vera, Coconut Oil, Almond Oil, Rose Water, Honey, And Beeswax. Three Trial Formulations Were Prepared, And The Optimized Formulation Was Evaluated For Physical Properties, Safety, Stability, And Cleansing Performance. The Final Soap Was Brown, Aromatic, Weighed 48.77 G, And Showed A PH Of 7.8 With Good Foaming, Washability, And Exfoliating Properties. Irritation Testing Indicated That It Was Non-irritating, While The One-month Stability Study Showed Good Physical Stability. Overall, The Formulation Provides Gentle Exfoliation, Cleansing, Hydration, And Improved Skin Appearance Using Natural Ingredients. Read more Read less

Authors: Sanchita Manohar Sawarbandhe | Shreya Jitendra Nandeshwar | Aniket Dakram Nakhate

Vol 12, Issue 8 (August 2026) Computer Science And Engineering

Hybrid Cryptographic Techniques For Secure Cloud Data Storage: A Review Of Algorithms, Architectures And Open Research Challenges

The Migration Of Institutional Record Keeping To Third-party Cloud Infrastructure Has Made Cryptographic Protection The Principal Instrument Through Which Data Owners Retain Control Over Information They No Longer Physically Possess. Because No Singl... The Migration Of Institutional Record Keeping To Third-party Cloud Infrastructure Has Made Cryptographic Protection The Principal Instrument Through Which Data Owners Retain Control Over Information They No Longer Physically Possess. Because No Single Cipher Simultaneously Offers Fast Bulk Encryption, Safe Key Exchange, Verifiable Integrity And User Authentication, The Research Community Has Converged On Hybrid Constructions That Combine Two Or More Primitives Inside A Common Architecture. This Paper Reviews The Hybrid Cryptographic Literature For Cloud Data Storage Published Between 2019 And 2026. Thirty Primary And Foundational Studies Are Organised Into A Six-branch Taxonomy Covering Symmetric–RSA Couplings, Elliptic-curve Hybrids, Multi-symmetric Cipher-diversity Designs, Blockchain-integrated Frameworks, DNA-inspired And Unconventional Methods, And Access-control Or Auditing-centred Schemes. For Each Branch The Review Summarises The Architectural Pattern, The Security Services Delivered, The Evaluation Methodology And The Reported Performance, And Then Contrasts The Branches Along Latency, Key-management Burden, Integrity Assurance And Deployment Maturity. The Analysis Reveals Persistent Weaknesses In The Field: Evaluation Datasets Are Rarely Standardised, Key-revocation Procedures Are Usually Left Unspecified, Quantum Resistance Is Acknowledged But Seldom Addressed, And Very Few Proposals Are Tested At Realistic Multi-tenant Scale. The Paper Closes With A Set Of Research Directions, Including Post-quantum Hybridisation, Standard Benchmark Corpora, Verifiable Key-lifecycle Management And Energy-aware Cipher Selection For Edge-assisted Clouds. Read more Read less

Authors: Sabeela Aqueel | Prof. Amit Swami | Dr. Komal Tahiliani