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Vol 12, Issue 10 (October 2026) Electrical And Electronics Engineering

Solar Power Photovoltaic System

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Provide A Clean And Renewable Method Of Generating Electrical Energy Directly From Sunlight. This Project Presents The Design And Operation Of A Solar Power Photovoltaic System Consisting Of A 2 KW Solar Panel Array, 1... Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Provide A Clean And Renewable Method Of Generating Electrical Energy Directly From Sunlight. This Project Presents The Design And Operation Of A Solar Power Photovoltaic System Consisting Of A 2 KW Solar Panel Array, 150 Ah Battery Bank, And 2 KVA Inverter. The Solar Panels Convert Solar Energy Into DC Electrical Energy, While The Battery Stores The Generated Energy For Use When Solar Radiation Is Insufficient. The Inverter Converts The Stored DC Power Into AC Power Suitable For Supplying AC Loads. The System Provides A Practical Solution For Reducing Dependence On Conventional Energy Sources And Can Be Useful For Applications Where Reliable And Renewable Power Is Required. Read more Read less

Authors: Naseema P | Afrin Sadaf S K | Fiza Taj | D Ghousiya Taskeen | Mr. H M Elia Sundaram

Vol 12, Issue 10 (October 2026) PHYSICS

Synthesis And Characterization Of Tween 80-Modified Hydrophobic Silica Coatings For Corrosion Protection Of Steel

In The Present Study, Hydrophobic Silica Coatings Modified With Tween 80 Were Fabricated On Steel Substrates Using The Sol-gel Method And Evaluated For Their Structural, Surface, Thermal, Mechanical, And Anticorrosion Properties. Methyltrimethoxysila... In The Present Study, Hydrophobic Silica Coatings Modified With Tween 80 Were Fabricated On Steel Substrates Using The Sol-gel Method And Evaluated For Their Structural, Surface, Thermal, Mechanical, And Anticorrosion Properties. Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) Was Used As The Silica Precursor, While Tween 80 Was Incorporated As A Modifying Agent. The Coatings Were Characterized By Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Water Contact Angle Measurements, Thermal Conductivity Measurements, Water-jet Impact Testing, And Potentiodynamic Polarization. FTIR Analysis Confirmed The Presence Of Characteristic Si-O-Si, Si-C, C-H, And Ester-group Vibrations Associated With The Modified Silica Network. SEM Observations Showed The Formation Of Porous, Spherical Microstructures, With Increased Porosity And Reduced Particle Size As The Tween 80 Concentration Increased. The Water Contact Angle Increased From 131 ± 2° For The Unmodified Coating To 148 ± 2° For The 0.3 MM Tween 80-modified Coating, With A Roll-off Angle Of Approximately 10°. The Thermal Conductivity Decreased From 0.071 To 0.017 W M−1 K−1 With Increasing Tween 80 Content. The Modified Coating Also Showed Good Resistance To Water-jet Impact. Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements Demonstrated Improved Corrosion Protection, With The Corrosion Potential Shifting From -0.94 V For Pristine Steel To -0.66 V For The 0.3 MM Tween 80-modified Coating And A Substantial Reduction In Corrosion Current Density. Even After 10 Days Of Immersion In 3.5 Wt% NaCl Solution, The Modified Coating Retained Better Corrosion Resistance Than Pristine Steel. The Results Indicate That Tween 80-modified Silica Coatings Provide A Promising Combination Of Hydrophobicity, Mechanical Robustness, Low Thermal Conductivity, And Corrosion Protection For Steel Surfaces. Read more Read less

Authors: Dr. Sandip S. Patil | Dr. Renuka A. Pawar

Vol 12, Issue 10 (October 2026) Electrical And Electronics Engineering

Solar PV Powered Battery Management System

The Growing Demand For Electricity And The Depletion Of Fossil Fuels Have Increased The Need For Clean, Alternative Energy Sources. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Is Abundant And Pollution-free, But Its Output Varies With Sunlight And Cannot Be Used... The Growing Demand For Electricity And The Depletion Of Fossil Fuels Have Increased The Need For Clean, Alternative Energy Sources. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Is Abundant And Pollution-free, But Its Output Varies With Sunlight And Cannot Be Used Directly When The Sun Is Not Available. This Paper Presents The Design Of A Solar PV Powered Battery Management System In Which A Solar Panel Charges A Rechargeable Battery Through A Charge Controller, While Voltage And Current Sensors Continuously Monitor The Battery. A DC-DC Converter Regulates The Charging Voltage, And An Inverter Converts The Stored DC Energy Into AC For Household Loads. The Proposed System Aims To Achieve Efficient And Safe Battery Charging, Protect The Battery From Overcharge And Deep Discharge, And Deliver Clean, Reliable And Sustainable Electricity. Read more Read less

Authors: Aishwarya M Nara | Aruna.M.P | Latha.B | Keerthi.N | Mr. Rajshekar K

Vol 12, Issue 10 (October 2026) Electrical And Electronics Engineering

Communication-Aware Adaptive Speed And Energy Control For A Low-Cost BLE Mobile Robot

Low-cost Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Robots Usually Execute The Last Received Command At A Fixed Duty Cycle, So Wheel-speed Error, Link Degradation, Obstacle Proximity And Energy Use Are Not Coordinated. This Paper Presents A Lightweight Communication... Low-cost Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Robots Usually Execute The Last Received Command At A Fixed Duty Cycle, So Wheel-speed Error, Link Degradation, Obstacle Proximity And Energy Use Are Not Coordinated. This Paper Presents A Lightweight Communication-aware Speed Controller For An ESP32-class BLE Robot And Verifies It By Monte-Carlo Simulation (N = 100 Trials Per Condition). A Communication Quality Index (CQI), Computed On Board From Packet Loss, Command Latency And Heartbeat Freshness, Is Mapped To A Speed Limit. The Target Speed Is The Minimum Of The Communication, Obstacle And Motor Limits And Is Tracked By An Encoder-based PI Loop. Five Configurations (A0–A4) Are Compared In An Ablation. In Simulation, Closed-loop Control Reduced Tracking Error At 75% Speed From 52.2 To 0.81 RPM; CQI Adaptation Reduced Unsupervised Travel In A Degraded-link Mission By 89% (0.228 To 0.025 M) At The Cost Of 24% Longer Mission Time And 7% More Energy Per Metre; The Obstacle Term Removed Collisions That Otherwise Occurred In 16% And 50% Of Runs At 75% And 100% Speed; And Power-monitor Fault Latching Cut Stall Energy By 87%. All Results Are Simulation Outputs Under Stated Assumptions; Hardware Validation Is Outlined As Future Work. Read more Read less

Authors: Krishnamurthi V | Anandh V

Vol 12, Issue 10 (October 2026) Commerce

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TRANSFORMING M - COMMERCE: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Is No Longer A Futuristic Concept But A Present Reality That Is Redefining Commerce Worldwide. From Intelligent Chatbots To Predictive Financial Models, AI Is Transforming How Businesses Interact With Customers, Manage Op... Artificial Intelligence (AI) Is No Longer A Futuristic Concept But A Present Reality That Is Redefining Commerce Worldwide. From Intelligent Chatbots To Predictive Financial Models, AI Is Transforming How Businesses Interact With Customers, Manage Operations, And Make Decisions. This Research Paper Explores The Role Of AI In Commerce, With Special Reference To Accounting, Finance, Marketing, Human Resources, And Supply Chain Management. The Study Uses Secondary Data, Reports, And Case Examples From India And Other Economies. Apps Supported By App Stores Have Provided An Environment Of Trust For Consumers Yet Web-based M-commerce Remains Dominate With Evidence That Physical Shops Are Using M-commerce To Fight Back. Still The Real Business Prospect In M-commerce Comes From The Opportunities To Develop New Business Models And Integrating New Technologies Where Innovation And Creativity Is Highly Rewarded. The Findings Suggest That AI Offers Immense Opportunities For Efficiency, Innovation, And Inclusion. However, Challenges Such As High Implementation Costs, Data Privacy Concerns, Job Displacement, And Ethical Dilemmas Must Be Carefully Addressed. The Paper Concludes With A Forward-looking Perspective On How AI Can Drive Sustainable M-commerce If Supported By Responsible Policies And Balanced Adoption Strategies. Read more Read less

Authors: Dr.V. Senthilkumar | Rekha R