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Author(s):

Praveen kumar R | S Keerthika | Kalaiyarasan K
Keywords:

Custodial Deaths, IoT, Smart Handcuffs, Vital Sign Monitoring, Police Accountability, Article 21, Humane Policing.
Abstract:
Custodial Deaths In India, Often Stemming From Torture Or Neglect During Arrest And Detention, Undermine Police Accountability And The Constitutional Right To Life Under Article 21. With Annual Averages Of 92–150 Incidents Over Two Decades, These Tragedies Disproportionately Burden Marginalized Groups, Exacerbated By Oversight Gaps Like Incomplete Closed-circuit Television Coverage In The High-risk Arrest-to-lock-up Phase. This Study Proposes IoT-enabled Smart Handcuffs As A Proactive Solution For Humane Policing, Integrating Vital Sign Monitoring Via Photoplethysmography For Heart Rate And Accelerometers For Activity Detection, Alongside Global Positioning System Tracking And Tamper-proof Encryption Through ESP32 Firmware. The Device Activates Upon Cuffing, Streaming Real-time Data To Cloud Servers And Alerting Officers To Anomalies Such As Distress Or Collapse, Ensuring Tamper-proof Logs For Evidentiary Use. Prototyping And Simulations Demonstrate Seamless Integration With Existing Protocols, Projecting A 40–60% Drop In Fatalities. Ultimately, This Innovation Scales Affordably Across 16,000+ Stations, Bolstering Article 21 Protections And Aligning With Global Anti-torture Norms To Foster Transparent, Ethical Law Enforcement.